5,565 research outputs found
New fuzzy spheres through confining potentials and energy cutoffs
We briefly report our recent construction of new fuzzy spheres of dimensions
d=1,2 covariant under the full orthogonal group O(D), D=d+1. They are built by
imposing a suitable energy cutoff on a quantum particle in D dimensions subject
to a confining potential well V(r) with a very sharp minimum on the sphere of
radius r=1; furthermore, the cutoff and the depth of the well depend on (and
diverge with) a natural number L. The commutator of the coordinates depends
only on the angular momentum, as in Snyder noncommutative spaces. When L
diverges, the Hilbert space dimension diverges, too; S^d_L converges to S^d,
and we recover ordinary quantum mechanics on S^d. These models might be useful
in quantum field theory, quantum gravity or condensed matter physics.Comment: Latex file, 13 pages, 2 figures. Contribution to the proceedings of
the Corfu Summer Institute "School and Workshops on Elementary Particle
Physics and Gravity", 2-28 September 2017, Corfu, Greece. Version 3: some
misprints in the published version are correcte
The -eigenvalue problem on some new fuzzy spheres
We study the eigenvalue equation for the 'Cartesian coordinates' observables
on the fully -covariant fuzzy circle
() and on the fully
-covariant fuzzy 2-sphere
() introduced in [G. Fiore, F. Pisacane, J. Geom. Phys. 132 (2018),
423-451]. We show that the spectrum and eigenvectors of fulfill a number
of properties which are expected for to approximate well the
corresponding coordinate operator of a quantum particle forced to stay on the
unit sphere.Comment: 28 pages. Version 3: some misprints are correcte
Fuzzy circle and new fuzzy sphere through confining potentials and energy cutoffs
Guided by ordinary quantum mechanics we introduce new fuzzy spheres of
dimensions d=1,2: we consider an ordinary quantum particle in D=d+1 dimensions
subject to a rotation invariant potential well V(r) with a very sharp minimum
on a sphere of unit radius. Imposing a sufficiently low energy cutoff to
`freeze' the radial excitations makes only a finite-dimensional Hilbert
subspace accessible and on it the coordinates noncommutative \`a la Snyder; in
fact, on it they generate the whole algebra of observables. The construction is
equivariant not only under rotations - as Madore's fuzzy sphere -, but under
the full orthogonal group O(D). Making the cutoff and the depth of the well
dependent on (and diverging with) a natural number L, and keeping the leading
terms in 1/L, we obtain a sequence S^d_L of fuzzy spheres converging (in a
suitable sense) to the sphere S^d as L diverges (whereby we recover ordinary
quantum mechanics on S^d). These models may be useful in condensed matter
problems where particles are confined on a sphere by an (at least
approximately) rotation-invariant potential, beside being suggestive of
analogous mechanisms in quantum field theory or quantum gravity.Comment: Latex file, 43 pages, 2 figures. We have added references and made
other minor improvements. To appear in J. Geom. Phy
Modules over the Noncommutative Torus and Elliptic Curves
Using the Weil-Brezin-Zak transform of solid state physics, we describe line
bundles over elliptic curves in terms of Weyl operators. We then discuss the
connection with finitely-generated projective modules over the algebra
of the noncommutative torus. We show that such -modules
have a natural interpretation as Moyal deformations of vector bundles over an
elliptic curve , under the condition that the deformation parameter
and the modular parameter satisfy a non-trivial relation.Comment: 16 pages, no figures; v2: minor correction
Self-similar transport processes in a two-dimensional realization of multiscale magnetic field turbulence
We present the results of a numerical investigation of charged-particle
transport across a synthesized magnetic configuration composed of a constant
homogeneous background field and a multiscale perturbation component simulating
an effect of turbulence on the microscopic particle dynamics. Our main goal is
to analyze the dispersion of ideal test particles faced to diverse conditions
in the turbulent domain. Depending on the amplitude of the background field and
the input test particle velocity, we observe distinct transport regimes ranging
from subdiffusion of guiding centers in the limit of Hamiltonian dynamics to
random walks on a percolating fractal array and further to nearly diffusive
behavior of the mean-square particle displacement versus time. In all cases, we
find complex microscopic structure of the particle motion revealing long-time
rests and trapping phenomena, sporadically interrupted by the phases of active
cross-field propagation reminiscent of Levy-walk statistics. These complex
features persist even when the particle dispersion is diffusive. An
interpretation of the results obtained is proposed in connection with the
fractional kinetics paradigm extending the microscopic properties of transport
far beyond the conventional picture of a Brownian random motion. A calculation
of the transport exponent for random walks on a fractal lattice is advocated
from topological arguments. An intriguing indication of the topological
approach is a gap in the transport exponent separating Hamiltonian-like and
fractal random walk-like dynamics, supported through the simulation.Comment: 10 pages (including cover page), 7 figures, improved content,
accepted for publication in Physica Script
Reduced particle settling speed in turbulence
We study the settling of finite-size rigid spheres in sustained homogeneous
isotropic turbulence (HIT) by direct numerical simulations using an immersed
boundary method to account for the dispersed solid phase. We study semi-dilute
suspensions at different Galileo numbers, Ga. The Galileo number is the ratio
between buoyancy and viscous forces, and is here varied via the solid-to-fluid
density ratio. The focus is on particles that are slightly heavier than the
fluid. We find that in HIT, the mean settling speed is less than that in
quiescent fluid; in particular, it reduces by 6%-60% with respect to the
terminal velocity of an isolated sphere in quiescent fluid as the ratio between
the latter and the turbulent velocity fluctuations is decreased. Analysing the
fluid-particle relative motion, we find that the mean settling speed is
progressively reduced while reducing the density ratio due to the increase of
the vertical drag induced by the particle cross-flow velocity. Unsteady effects
contribute to the mean overall drag by about 6%-10%. The probability density
functions of particle velocities and accelerations reveal that these are
closely related to the features of the turbulent flow. The particle mean-square
displacement in the settling direction is found to be similar for all Ga if
time is scaled by (2a)/u' (where 2a is the particle diameter and u' is the
turbulence velocity root mean square).Comment: Accepted for publication in Journal of Fluid Mechanic
Continuous Growth of Droplet Size Variance due to Condensation in Turbulent Clouds
We use a stochastic model and direct numerical simulation to study the impact
of turbulence on cloud droplet growth by condensation. We show that the
variance of the droplet size distribution increases in time as t^{1/2}, with
growth rate proportional to the large-to-small turbulent scale separation and
to the turbulence integral scales but independent of the mean turbulent
dissipation. Direct numerical simulations confirm this result and produce
realistically broad droplet size spectra over time intervals of 20 minutes,
comparable with the time of rain formation.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures+Supplemental material 6 pages, 5 figure
Recupero di un ex-serbatoio dell’acqua a MedellÃn, Colombia. Transformation of MedellÃn Water Reservoir, Colombia
La trasformazione delle riserve idriche di MedellÃn dimostra come una serie di vecchie infrastrutture dell’acqua, per lo più escluse dai quartieri in cui si trovano, possano diventare al contempo spazi della socialità in grado di rivitalizzare gli agglomerati esistenti, pur conservando la funzione per la quale sono nate. Si tratta del programma municipale Unidades de Vida Articulada (UVA), che prevede lo sviluppo di spazi e attrezzature pubblici nelle aree che ospitano le riserve di acqua dell’acquedotto comunale e i campetti sportivi. Nato nel 2013 e sviluppato dal Grupo EPM Empresas e da INDER, il progetto ha intravisto nel riuso delle vecchie infrastrutture idriche industriali e dei campetti da gioco, circa un centinaio di lotti che popolano la città , l’occasione per far fronte alla carenza di servizi e spazi pubblici.The transformation of Medellin’s water reservoirs demonstrates how a series of old water infrastructures, more isolated from the neighbourhoods in which they are located, can become a space of social interaction with the power to revitalize existing settlements, while conserving their original function. The project is part of the Unidades de Vida Articulada (UVA) municipal program for the development of public spaces and facilities in areas hosting reservoirs serving the municipal aqueduct and playing fields. Created in 2013 and developed by the Grupo EPM Empresas and INDER, the project saw the reuse of old industrial water infrastructures and playing fields – approximately 100 lots across the city – as an occasion to confront a lack of public services and spaces
INVESTIGATION OF CHEMICAL DIFFERENCES IN MEDICATIONS OBTAINED FROM DIVERSE SOURCES USING NOVEL SPECTROSCOPIC AND STATISTIC APPROACHES
Generic medications are those medicines manufactured by a pharmaceutical company without
a license from the company that has first invented and patented the same drug, when the related
patent and other exclusivity rights have expired. Only studies of bioequivalence are requested
as requirements to introduce a new generic medication in clinics, making easier and financially
attractive for many pharmaceutical companies to participate in this typology of market.
Organised criminality is strongly attracted by this market both for the high profitability, and
for the high similarity to the production and trafficking of illegal controlled substances
associated to the extreme difficulties faced by the law enforcement authorities in effectively
investigating the online market, because of its anonymity.
A significant paradigm continuously frequented in pharmacology is the confliction between
views on generic medications that can be used interchangeably with the original medicines.
Several clinical studies conducted in certain medical areas have shown as the generic
medications present an overlapping therapeutic equivalence to the original ones. On the
contrary, for certain other generics, both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics issue have
been reported. Also, in some cases issues on the stability of generics have been raised.
Despite the numerous research articles and reviews published on the matter of clinical
equivalence among generic and original medications, no study to the scientific community has
been presented on an analytical evaluation of the chemical composition of the different generic
drugs that could shed some lights on the reason of the different clinical performances reported.
The main aim of this research was to develop a non-destructive quick qualitative
analytical methodology to be able to discriminate differences in the chemical composition from
generic medicines that have been reported not presenting similar therapeutic equivalence in
clinical comparison studies, obtained from authorised pharmacies and non-authorised online
sellers.
From the cardio-vascular area, digoxin (with the related cardiac glycosides digitoxin and
digoxigenin) and amlodipine (in its different salts maleate, mesylate and besylate used in
therapies). In the gastroenterology area, omeprazole both in its racemic and isomeric forms,
have been selected as samples to be analysed. In the antihistamine area, cetirizine, in its racemic
and isomeric forms, equally for the same reasons as before, have been considered. As starting
analytical approaches, voltammetry, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopies and NMR have been
considered and a statistical data analysis approach of the analytical data obtained based on
multivariate analysis such as principal component analysis, cross validation, correlation scatter
plots and factor loadings has been implemented.
This work has matched the aims initially set, generating novel methods of analysis to
investigate differences in the chemical composition within different groups of generic
medications. This study has led to the creation and interpretation of new knowledge, through a
systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of scientific literature and
through original research, and adjusting the project design in the light of unforeseen problems,
conceptualizing, designing and implementing the research project for the generation of novel
knowledge
The effect of the Basset history force on particle clustering in Homogeneous and Isotropic Turbulence
We study the effect of the Basset history force on the dynamics of small
particles transported in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence and show that
this term, often neglected in previous numerical studies, reduces the
small-scale clustering typical of inertial particles. The contribution of this
force to the total particle acceleration is, on average, responsible for about
10% of the total acceleration and particularly relevant during rare strong
events. At moderate density ratios, i.e. sand or metal powder in water, its
presence alters the balance of forces determining the particle acceleration
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